Environment degradation Essay Example for Free

Environment degradation EssayThis is the deterioration of the environment by depletion of resources for instance water, soil and even air. In environmental degradation, the ecosystem is destroyed and wildlife undergoes extinction. There argon many forms of environmental degradation that are of negative impact to cultivation. For instance, when habitats are destroyed, biodiversity is lost and natural resources are depleted. The environment is or so affected as organisms which give it life are no more than (Schertenleib, Forster Belevi, n. d). The earthworms that enrich soil profuseness are killed by soil pollution. This convey that if earthworms are all eliminated, the soil will not be fertile. The degradation of the environment can occur naturally, or through human processes which includes different kinds of pollution. Areas of concern in the same concept are loss of rain forests, air pollutions and the ozone depletion. The marine environment is also affected. These kin ds of pollutions are known to occur all over the world and the blame is on the people themselves for the activities they carry out. This has poisoned the major planets oceans and even the remote areas. Major disasters like oil spills guard ruined the local environment. every(prenominal) these hazards can be curbed by individuals by stopping the constant pollution of the environment. To some extents, different organizations substantiate been formed to help rehabilitate locations that have been affected. One way to do this is urban agriculture. With urban agriculture, the environment can be conserved since the wastes from industries can be converted to be fertilizers in the farms around the cities. statistical facts It is estimated that 50% of the worlds populations live in cities (UNFPA, 2007). In the cities, most populations settle there for versatile reasons such as studies and seeking for employment.As economic pressures mount, the urban population engages in urban agriculture as labor is avail adequate with large population in urban centers. The growing of crops and rearing of animals in the urban areas has become common. About 800 million people are involved in urban agriculture world wide and this has contributed to the feeding urban residents (Schertenleib, Forster Belevi, n. d). It is definite that with food production or rather the ecumenical production of farm outputs, the city residents can get a plenty supply of food in their respective areas of residence.With large populations in the cities and with plenty food products from urban agriculture, there will not be any instance of food deficiency. urban residents with low income spend between 40 percent and 60 percent of their income on food every year (RUAF, n. d). The only remedy to this is that these low income residents can chute practicing urban agriculture to supplement the expenditures on food. If they participate in urban agriculture, they will be able to save up to 60% of their incomes a t the end of each year (Neondo, 2003).The money they would have played out on buying food can be saved and used to develop other areas of the economy. This means a lot of to the growth of the economy of the particular country. It is expected that by 2015, about 26 cities in the world will have a population of 10 million or even more (FAO, n. d). To be able to manage these populations, countries are obliged to concentrate in urban agriculture because they have little choices left. It is therefore encouraged for urban dwellers to practice heavily on urban agriculture, with an objective of memory the country away from food shortage come 2015(FAO, n.d). 2. The spectrum of urban agriculture and the function of relevant organizations Urban agriculture has some aspects that distinguish it from rural agriculture. One of them is the fact that it is integrated into the urban economic and bionomical system. It is evident that urban agriculture is embedded in the urban ecosystem of which it i nteracts with. Such linkages involve using urban residents as laborers and the use of typical urban resources for instance organic waste as compost and urban waste water for irrigation.In urban agriculture, there is a coach link with urban consumers and direct positive and negative impacts on urban ecology (Amin, 2002). Urban agriculture is also characterized by world part of the urban food system and competing for urban land with other urban functions. It is also influenced by other urban policies and plans. Some of the organizations that influence urban agriculture both directly and indirectly are Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Community Food Security Coalition (CFSC), Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture (UPA), and the choice Centers on Urban Agriculture and Food Security (RUAF Foundation)

Classical Music and Jazz Music Essay Example for Free

Classical Music and Jazz Music EssayMusic has always been an important share for the humanity. Exist many different kinds of music. For purpose of this paper Im going to compare classical music music with experience music. This deuce types of music belong to the category of complex art music. A compare of classical and jazz music yield just about similarities and different and could also lead to an appreciation of this two important category of music.The music called classical, was found in stores and performed regularly by symphonies around the cosmos, in the m of 1600 up to the present. Unlike jazz was found in the early 1900 as some dance pack leaders in the southern U.S. began playing this type of music that combined ragtime and blues. Most of the major composer of the classical music until the 20th century were Europeans and the jazz was exposed first by two musicians. two type of music were know on different parts of Europe.In classical music, both humongous orch estras and small ensemble are used. The largest part of the orchestra consist of the string section consisting of violins, violas, cellos, string basses and wind instruments. On the other hand jazz music can be played by small class of people. In jazz they use different instruments like clarinet, tuba, cornet, baritone, drums and piano. Similarly to classical music, jazz used some wind instruments.In addition we establish a different of audience of this two kind of music. The jazz music attracts an really cultural and hip audience. This is because jazz concerts usually are in opens spaces around the world and in night clubs and you dont need to pay a ticket to go and care for the music. Unlike classical music attracts to a greater extent elite and rich people. This is because the concerts of classical music are on different amphitheaters and closed spaces and you need to pay for a expensive ticket.To conclude, we can say that this to types of music have their unique style, but bo th of them represents two approaches to Art Music. This two types of music are important and ingest a great and special history. Also this to type of music, allow people to relax while earshot this music. If I need to pick between this two types of music, I prefer the jazz music because is more accessibly for us and its transmit more emotions.

Chinese Nationalism Essay Essay Example for Free

Chinese Nationalism Essay EssayA? er a yearn ? me of peace and success the Qing dynasty was the highest meridian of its power. However, as ? me passes they were harassed and humiliated by western powers, quickly the Qing dynasty collapsed. But the Qing collapsed due to the tremendous outdoor(a) pressures of moderniza? on that the west implemented. Extraterritoriality was a huge contribu? ng factor to the fall of the Qing dynasty. chinaware set parenthesis (ve coastal ports for the Bri? sh to expend in the southern part of the country. From the start this was a bad idea, basically chinaware was giving them a part of their estate of the realm for them to save and make money o* of. This caused a desex on their taxes for imported goods. Essen? ally, the Bri? sh were saving and making so much money from this that their army prospered. The Bri? sh army grew because like a shot that they had an outstanding amount of money they were able to cover the costs of war and spend the money on their own country. But it didnt stop there chinaware also gave the Bri? sh the island of Hong Kong. This meant that they were able to obtain blush more wealth by taking advantage of the land. The ac?On that China made which allowed the Bri? sh to use a part of their country was set up to fail, nothing good could have came out of this to divine service China which is why external pressures were such a big factor in the fall of the Qing dynasty. alike to extraterritoriality, an interna? onal parsimoniousness also caused a decline in the Qing dynasty. During the ? me European craftsmanshiprs moved into China, Chinas trade and industry were doing extremely in large ci? es. At this ? me, westerners forced China to join the interna?Onal economy this was huge for Chinas economy because it would reach its utmost height but in the long run was not bene(cial for China at all. Imperialism started to become a problem in China. many another(prenominal) of the Chinese were being u sed, and it caused a state of dependence on China. Also due to imperialism China was in a period of underdevelopment. This meant that because of foreign countries taking advantage of China instead of the pro(ts Chinas new economy was making red ink to its own country it went to foreign na? ons. Chinas industry and trade went through a ?Me of deteriora? ng, which caused the economy to go down and China as a whole to weakening. China was also being used for its land and resources, which is why Jack Petersohn History in-class essay other countries were carving up the Chinese melon. Many European and western countries wanted to have a piece of China therefore they were carving up the Chinese melon. These foreign na? ons forced China to reform to new ways and sort even though they wanted to keep tradi? on. For example westerners introduced China to new means of transporta?On and technology. China may have enjoyed and used these new advances but it took them away from their tradi? on th is caused an outbreak for rebellion and revolt. therefore triggering a decline in the na? on due to external pressures. The foreign in6uences on China caused the Qing dynasty to struggle in maintaining power. Westerners use China for its individual economical bene(ts while China was in a ? me of stress and were barely keeping power. Eventually China declined and the Qing dynasty fell due to the external pressures.

History of the Punctuation of English Writing Essay Example for Free

History of the Punctuation of position Writing canvasA few examiners face off regarding that the soonest codification of face started in the sixteenth light speed through the production of punctuations and lexicons the vast majority of which are bound to instruct the English language bounds zones for the just about part after the Union demonstration of 1536 amongst Ribs and Britain. The standard English was on a precise staple take arranged between the sixteenth and seventeenth hundreds of years. The codification operation was described with three wakeless impacts which were sanctioned. *The lords English as the legal and administrative dialect.*Literary English which was as the legal and administrative dialect.*The English of instruction and church or for the most part demonstrate as Oxford English. There was no reason for which the state was locked in.The codification operation additionally impacted the talked type of the English standard English. The got stick was in a general sense systematized through training influence particularly that of nineteenth-century state-funded schools, pursue from the ordinal century by TV, silver screen and radio. It is fathomed that around 3 to 5 percent of the English sport to speak Got Elocution today.Authorizing of Word- refersThe expanding utilization of composed dialect framed the need materials that presented the requirement for materials that delineated the type of the dialect, in a way that could be gazed upward by every one of the people that required selective information about the English dialect. This was at first implied for exclusives who are non-local speakers, however, later on, the English local speakers that needed to trust about the cutting edge and grew some portion of the dialect likewise searched for such materials. The underlying lexicons were in a general sense a rundown of arduous phrases. This on a very rudimentary level included the rundown of present-day advance haggling th at was from the established dialect and the cutting edge English states abroad. By the nineteenth century, member reference composing was on a very basic level comprehend movement, and the researchers were being dispatched by various distributors to compose such materials (Kemmer,2009).Different places in Europe, dialect foundations were being based in order to arrange and furthermore lithograph every one of the types of the dialect. By the by, thusly was not received in the zones which communicate in English, and at that place was never a perceived foundation for institutionalization in either USA or UK. The word reference embraced pretty much a descriptivist demeanor that is new and was at conflicts with the previous prescriptive supposition of the prior lexicon admitrs. Johnson perceived change as an ordinary operation and rejected any change as a debasement (Hitchings,2005).Afterward, the Samuel Johnson word reference started to build up, the spelling framework was at that p oint conspicuous same as that new English with relatively couple of orthographic attributes. Then again, political freedom in the US paves the way to betrothal for recognizing social elements. In this way, Noah Webster, thought of a lexicon included regional, Americans based their definitions to be known and contrast from the English. Noah Webster started to make his own word reference incorporated some American-lingos definitions. This gives the needed orthographic contrast without changing the sarcastic conjoint clearness. He on a very basic level consolidates the utilization of ize rather than ise for the verbs and the forcing out postfix u in the addition - our(Kemmer,2009).The Criteria for Incorporating Words in the LexiconBy the time, a considerable step of words and terms in English dialect create and in this way the real lexicon do monitor such words to decide to those that are not pleasing. This passage will investigate how the Oxford word reference takes out this activ ity.The Oxford College press has the greatest and colossal dialects look into program far and wide. The most initiative exporters are the Oxford Perusing Project and the English Corpus. The Corpus on a very basic level contains archives that have been sourced from the sites while the perusing program fork overs to electronic gathering selections and citations on a very basic level towed from a decent variety of famous deception, songwriting, and logical magazines.The OUP keeps tracking the two projects to be permitted to track new words which go to the English dialect. In light of having verification or consume that another word is utilized by different sources, not just by one individual or creator, subsequently, the world turns into a choice for the consideration into the establishments lexiconsIn the earlier hundreds of years, a great deal of the lexicons was restricted of a rundown of words that most creators thought it is useful, even that there is no confirmation could exhi bit or demonstrate that individuals had utilized some time recently. An individual summons is not capable or permitted in the advanced lexicons and it conditions that have been connected for a timeframe and by a gigantic people, can be acknowledged in the word reference (Oxford College Press,2014).Prescriptive and distinct lexiconPrescriptivism shows to the proceeding and the affirmation of a particular arrangement of rudiments by an establishment or person. Prescriptivism alludes to the demeanor where delineates the mild and bolts of the dialect that ought to be taken after and the standards that likewise ought to be shunned. Remedies and prohibitions are conventional when all is tell in done it present receipt of learning and intelligence. Then again, descriptivism demonstrates to the dialect use and activities in a lexicographical setting.Actually generously all the English dialect are unmistakable truly.The key editors show faceably to as how the word is spelled and connecte d. In that way, unmistakable dialect fork ups or demonstrate the content words that are utilized usually regardless of whether they are not standard and frequently incorporate non-standard spelling. These sorts of word references are more required about the right and write English. At the end of the day, prescriptive lexicons depend on advance the standard English, not at all like the unmistakable word references that depict the use and the spelling of the dialect.The ConclusionAll things considered, this composed content shows four primary focuses, the historical scope of how English has been systematized in lexicons and punctuation books, likewise it displays the appointing of word references and the purposes for composing these word references, furthermore, it tells about the criteria for incorporating words in lexicons, and the last point in the contrast amongst prescriptive and distinct lexicons.

Brand Promotion of Nestle Essay Example for Free

Brand Promotion of hold tight Essay come near has a wide market place for sister food in India. come near India enjoys a monopolistic position in baby foods cling to has about 80% of market share in the baby cereal segment alone which is a promising segment in future. Some of the Infant foods of nestle includes Lactogen, Cerelac, Good Start, NAN, Nido etc. And all the infant foods except Nido come in different and innovative tastes jibe to the st suppurates and growth of the children. Sauces and Ketchups nestle India introduced versatile types of sauces and ketchups according to the taste buds of Indian consumers under the flaw name Maggi. There are numerous varieties of sauces which range from unwashed Tomato sauces, tangy ones, sour ones, continental ones, to the recent tamarind sauce which is yet to be introduced in some of the localities in India. Breakfast cereals Nestle planetary has already taken up the breakfast segments of the International consumers. There is no doubt that Nestle India would also take up the Indian markets in its custody by the wide range of breakfast cereals. Some of the cereals include Nesquik which is targeted towards the kids, Cheerios towards Adults and Cookie Crisp for all age groups.Milk and dairy farm products Milk The largest segment of nestle is Milk and Dairy products. Nestle India focused and compound closely in this sector for the last 3 decades, also in the process of developing smashed relationship with more than 85,000 farmers country wide. As a result Nestle has the best quality milk in India. Dairy products Nestle is known for its dairy products especially, Milkmaid which has an unbeatable taste and other dairy products of nestle includes fresh and natural curd, light curd, and fruit flavored curdFamous chocolates of nestle includes Nestle Milk Chocolate, Nestle Milky bar, Nestle Munch, Nestle Kitkat, Nestle Bar One, and Polo. All these chocolates come in different flavors. blinking Food and cook ery Aids Noodles Nestle Indias Instant noodles Maggi is preferred by 80% of the consumers somewhat the nation and the brand Maggi provides lots of attractive and tasty noodle variety targeting the kids and the adults especially office liberation people. Maggi is the largest and the most loved brand of Nestle India presently Maggi comes in 9 different and innovative flavors.Cooking Aids An Indian Masala powder for cooking for enhancing the taste of the food we cook. Maggi Bhuna Masala is the magical powder which increases the taste of Indian food. Bottled pee Nestle has launched its packaged drinking water Pure Life which is an upcoming water brand o nestle sure to hit the markets of India. Nestle India Market Leader Nestle India is the market leader of Infant food, Instant coffee, and Milk Maid, the greatest market leader in Instant noodles Maggi. Case Studies of Nestle IndiaSocial Impact of Nestle Global Water saving initiatives held in India Nestle India conducted a water sav ing campaign in Moga, Punjab where the brand has the largest milk districts. The campaign was about the water unique and how scarce in water affects the production of milk. Happy Day in New Papua Guinea Joining work force with the ministry of health in New Papua Guinea, Nestle conducted a Personal hygiene program initiating the nutritive value and health ailments faced due to the nutrition deficiency.Awareness campaign in North Africa Nido Nestle in North Africa conducted an awareness program regarding their launch of Nido in the markets of North Africa. Focusing on feeding mothers and infants. Nestle also conducts various awareness programs in different regions instructing the importance of water and the benefits of the purity and innovation of Nestles Water. Products of Nestle in India (Pictorial Representation) Infant Formula Sauces and Ketchups

The Death Penalty Essay Example for Free

The destruction Penalty EssayThe dying penalization is an interwoven controversy. The law is supposed to bring together the sanctioned principles and purposes of society, including the recognition and protection of individual rights to life, liberty, and the security of population and property. The two separate groups of norms that are woven into the conclusion punishment are desirable social principles and respectable moral principles. The remainder penalty has shown itself to be an otiose punishment, due to the concomitant that, it is an immoral and anti-social practice in todays society. It does non and will non uphold any of the basic principles that are the basis of the law in this country. This country desires revenge, and that is why we deliver the limiting penalty. Do non let people fool you with words such as justness and deterrence, because the cobblers last penalty serves neither of these purposes. The fact is, the death penalty is not a check of cri me, as the death penalty has been proven not to deter crime.The death penalty cannot be c aloneed moral, because winning another(prenominal) human life in such a fashion is not moral. Also, there is always the put on the line that an liberal mans life may be taken. Now I ask you, is taking an innocent mans life moral. The discriminate way the death penalty is given to minorities is not a socially acceptable occurrence, especially in today s society. Last of all, the death penalty is an uneconomical practice, and wastes important social resources in a steady stream of court costs that seem never-ending. When you look at all these circumstances combined, it is futile to argue for the death penalty. The facts shown stand against it. In the end, the death penalty looks to be nothing but legalized murder, and there is no other solution but to execute the death penalty once and for all.Any punishment should contribute to the reduction of crime accordingly, the punishment for a crime s hould not be so idle a threat or so slight a deficiency that it has no deterrent or incapacitative effects. Most of all, it certainly should not contribute to an increase in crime.(Bedau 259) Does the death penalty really deter crime. The death penalty lobby wants you to believe the answer to that dubiousness is yes. But, in fact, it is a resounding no. there is a wide consensus among Americans top criminologists that the death penalty does, or can do, little to reduce rates of deplorable violence. The United extracts is the only Western nation that notwithstanding allows the death penalty, and we also encounter one of the highest crime rates. During the 1980s, the death penalty give ins averaged an annual rate of 7.5 lamentable homicides per 100,000, while abolition states averaged a rate of 7.4 per 100,000. That means that murders were actually much common in states with the death penalty.Also, in a nationwide survey of police chiefs and sheriffs, smashing punishment was ranked last as a way of reducing violent crime. Only twenty-six percent thought that the death penalty significantly reduces the number of homicides. There is no hard evidence that proves the death penalty has a deterrent effect on criminal violence. Governor William Weld of Massachusetts bolsters his belief of the deterrent effect of the death penalty with data from his gut. Also, Ken Nunneley, an Alabama assistant attorney general in charge of the states capital litigation division, obtains his data from the same source. My gut tells me it has a deterrent, let me put it that way. Whether or not the or use of the death penalty is, has been, or could be a deterrent to homicide is a huge question that can not be on the basis of gut feelings. In the following research project, Michael L. Radelet and Ronald L. Akers send out questionnaires to seventy former presidents from the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, American monastic order of Criminology, and the Law and Society Associ ation.The presidents were asked to answer some general questions on the basis of your knowledge of the literature and research in criminology.The questions asked were relating to deterrence issues. When asked if they believe or feel that the death penalty acts as a deterrent to murder or that it lowers the murder rate. Among the sixty- four that responded to the questions, fifty-six or 87.5 percent believe the death penalty does not pick out a deterrent effect on possible murderers or murder rates. These results chip away at the most important justification for the death penalty.(RadeletAkers 2-3) I believe the reason the death penalty is not a deterrent, is because murderers do not examine risk/reward charts before they kill someone. If a criminal was in a rational state of mind, life imprisonment should be enough to deter them. The fact is, most criminals are not in a rational state of mind. Besides, no criminal commits a crime if he believes he will be caught.There are many mor al arguments against the death penalty, that should make us think twice close our reasons for supporting it. The first is the execution of innocent people. As former Supreme Court justice Harry Blackmun said,the execution of an innocent person comes perilously close to simplistic murder. In fact, it is simple, and one of the most awful aspects of capital punishment. It is impossible to calculate the risk that an innocent person will be executed, but the risk is not zero, as the record of convicted, sentenced, and executed innocents shows. Since 1900, xxiii people who we now know to be innocent bear been murdered by the state. Three speed of light and fifty people have been found not guilty while in death wrangle awaiting execution. Yet, the death penalty lobby continues to support this slaughter of innocent people.The second argument is, does the government have the right to kill? Of course we all know the government has the right to self defense, such as, a policeman firing o n an armed and chanceful criminal feeling on an armed and dangerous criminal. If we apply the same standards to civilians that we have for the government. A civilian has the right to shoot an intruder as he is entering his home. What if the civilian catches the intruder, incapacitates him, and has him under his control, then shooting the intruder would be considered murder. That is what capital punishment is simple murder.The next argument that I would like to address is, is there a difference between state cleaning and murder? The end result is the same one more dead body, one more set of grieving parents, and one more cemetery plot. Every m we execute someone, we send a very confusing message to the American people about the value of human life. Every time we allow an execution, we as a society sink to the same level as the common killer. the people of the United states have blood on their hands, and it will stay there until we end this horrid practice.The net moral argument i s that the death penalty is a cruel and unusual punishment. It is torture to keep someone locked up when they know they are waiting to be killed. To paraphrase Camus, there is no equal avenging unless the convicted turn imprisoned his dupe for years, and everyday informed him the date of his death. Also, the methods of executing people have all been found to be excessively cruel. It often takes ten minutes or more for a felon to die in the electric chair. The only methods that is known not to be painful is lethal injection, about which we know very little.The death penalty is full of many abuses, but the most obvious is racial abuse. A 1990 report released by the federal governments General Accounting Office found a figure of evidence indicating racial disparities in the charging, sentencing, and imposition of the death penalty. Professor David Baldus examined sentencing patterns in Georgia in the 1970s. aft(prenominal)(prenominal) reviewing over 2,500 homicide issues in that state, controlling for nonracial factors, he concluded that a person acaccused of killing a white was 4.3 times more likely to be sentenced to death than a person accused of killing a black.Also, Stanford Law Review published a study that found similar patterns of racial disparity, found on the race of the victim, in Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, and Virginia. For example, in Arkansas, findings showed that defendants is a case involving a white victim were three and a half times more likely to be sentenced to death in Illinois, four times in North Carolina, 4.4 times and in Mississippi, five times more likely to be sentenced to death than defendants convicted of killing blacks.The death penalty is not now, nor ever has been, a more economical utility(a) to life imprisonment, said Spangenberg and Walsh in an article in the Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review. A study by the NY State Defenders Association showed that the cost of capital tr ial alone is more than double the cost of life imprisonment. In Maryland, a comparison of capital trial costs with and without the death penalty for the years 1979-1984 concluded that a death penalty case costs approximately forty-two percent more than a case resulting in a non-death sentence, according to the federal governments Accounting Office. In 1988 and 1989 the Kansas legislature voted Against reinstating the death penalty after it was informed that reintroduction would involve a first year cost of more than eleven million dollars. any these facts summed up show that the death penalty is not for America. All it does is bring down our morale and our dignity. It shows that we have no respect for human life, just like murderers. I hope that someone will use up my essay and put the death penalty to sleep for good.

Terror Human Rights

Terror pitying RightsHas the contend on scourge enhanced or harmed homophile complianceables?In the newss of Howard Zinn, historian, playw proper, social activisticHow can you make a war on sc atomic number 18 if war itself is terrorism?The war on or a authorisest terrorism continues to wage as we dress down nigh it and attempt to name solutions to the looming danger that threatens our politeness in itself. The war on terror has been used as a weapon by governing bodys well-nigh the population to achieve selfish motives, to satisfy egos and secure futures. There is no tangible enemy, and it is un equivalently that trans case terrorism can be brought to an end by means of war. Terrorism continues to be an unkn protest enemy, without a clear identity and that is why military invasion uniform the sensations repeatedly brought about by join States on already ravaged countries is non a solution. Terrorism is a theatre where the acts of terror earn the attention of the public in a dramatic means creating a sense of shock, awe and eccentric grief. However it must be call uped that no war is correct, no war is worth the loss of our morality as human beings.In the present expression, the argument that is to be presented is that the so called war on terror has harmed the human rights of many all over the creative activity. The phrase has been used to deprive millions of commonwealth of their dignity, assets and life itself. The article attempts to understand the question of how many rights can be given up for surety of the nations that claim to brook been attacked and stick out hence waged the war on terror. Terrorism in the sophisticated sense is personnel or other harmful acts committed (or threatened) against civilians for political or other ideological goals. Most definitions of terrorism let in and those acts which are intended to establish concern or terror, are perpetrated for an ideological goal as strange to a lvirtuoso atta ck), and deliberately target or disregard the safety of non combatants.Any urinate of military action can be termed terrorism. The famous quote that, One mans terrorist is another mans freedom title-holder, has been the basis of attempts to justify revolutionary movements which have been termed as acts of terror. It was during the French Revolution that the words terrorist and terrorism became popular. The word terrorism began in 1795 during the reign of terror by the revolutionary government during the French Revolution. Terrorist acts were committed in order to gain attention of the world. For example, in the Munich Olympics in 1972, 11 Israelis were killed by the Black family line brass and level though the eleven killed were the immediate sufferers the true matter was felt by nearly 1 billion spate watching the news in the world. Terror has been continuing over the ages in unrivaled form or another. What is seen as a crime by some is the act of protective cover of ones own identity and culture by the other.In this sense, the most recent event that completely stunned the world was the bombing of the two world trade centre towers on September 11, 2001. The world watched with disbelief as United States faced attack on its own soil. What followed and continues is an example of the war on terror, as specified and focused on by George Bush, President, United States of America. The use of the word war here is not only misleading but regressive. According to the US understanding, terrorism includes only the anti state violence acts like September 11, 2001. The question here that can be put forward is then what about state violence, what about the use of excess police force, the use of military/ paramilitary in an undiscriminating manner. The morning of September 11, 2001, was a day that testament remain etched in our minds forever as the event killed 2973 innocent flock whose human right to life had been curtailed. However the world must remember what followed and continues as you read this is overly gross violation of human rights. In an attempt to fight the terror which caused September 11, United States government has been carrying out massacres on innocent civilians in both Afghanistan and Iraq. In attempting to find the enemy, and eradicate it, the US policies and arbitrary use of military force has not only killed many more(prenominal) people but has resulted in some of the worst human rights violations witnessed in human history. The immediate effect of September 11 was the widespread discrimination against Islamic Muslims especially young males.The world has remained a motionless spectator to the steps buckn by US which has used providing long denied freedom to civilians in Iraq and Afghanistan as an excuse to enter these countries. The reason provided for the invasion has been the emancipation or the upliftment of the people in these two countries. However, kind of of upliftment these countries have been ravaged of all resources and are continued to be plundered. Human rights have become a latter issue with people attempting to stay alive amongst continuous bombings and military invasions. The world has been a tongueless spectator for nearly five years after the falling of the two towers to United States government that has been pickings steps, using force to achieve illusioned motives and actions completely irrelevant to the basis of world-wide Law. The right to fair footrace is a basic human right, constructed to protect individuals from restriction or deprivation of basic rights and freedoms such as right to life and autonomy. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides for this right in Article 10. Along with this the outside(a) Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) provides for the right to fair trial in Article 14. The foreign Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), also includes the right to be free from arbitrary snap and detention(Article 9), the right to be present at trial(Article 21), the right to be free from torture(Article 7) and the right to appeal(Article 26). The four geneva Conventions of 1949, which protect civilian populations and those fighting in hostilities, principally during international armed conflicts but also during national conflicts such as civil wars, contain provisions to ensure a fair trial.However legitimizing of the patriot displace puts all this in a gaping question. This act is squarely against various rights protected and guaranteed by the Constitution of United States and various international documents such like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Convention against torture and All forms of Racial Discrimination. The Patriot crop allows non- citizens to be detained without charge without a right to fair trial and be held in prison indefinitely if convicted. This Act also allows the government in United States to look into details of t he lives of the citizens in the country without prior permission. This includes, monitoring of emails, wiretapping, keeping an eye on property acquisitions, educational as well as monetary records. This Act is clearly against the right to privacy and allows the government to arbitrarily interfere. The United States governments acceptance to the Military commissionings Act can be considered a major step towards human rights violation in the current war on terror. Acceptance of such documents which allow the use of uncensored force are opposed to the basic idea of International Law. Under the rubric of the war on terror, the United States government has detained thousands of people in their own territory and around the world. A majority of the detainees are denied access to a fair trial and are held without a charge. There is a clear violation of the basic primal right to due process, which is a clear right guaranteed by the US Constitution.Guantanamo talk and Abu Ghraib tell a story of torture so evil that it shakes the foundation of human rights. There have been revelations of savageness in these prisons in the form of beatings, sexual humiliation and methods of torture which are almost surreal to a ruler person. Guantanamo Bay, the famous prison outside territories of United States has given the world pictures of the torture within the war on terror. It has been and continues to be a lawless place. The circumstantial evidence of torture at Guantanamo Bay is grave and well documented. The most discouraging revelation is the fact that the methods of torture were encouraged and propagated by the Military Commission which provided acceptance to such inhuman word. Though the detention at the Guantanamo Bay prison is clearly against the articles of the geneva Conventions, and particularly Article 75 of the First Protocol Additional to the Geneva Convention of 1977 which states that coercing a captive to confess in unlawful, the defence of United States g overnment to the detention remains that the definition of prisoners in Guantanamo Bay includes enemy combatants and not prisoners of war hence the Geneva Convention does not apply. It is clear that Guantanamo was chosen as a base for torture so as to hold detainees beyond the reach of the United States as well as International Law, which clearly states that the use of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment is prohibited.No matter how one defines the prisoners at Guantanamo Bay, the fact underlying the whole scenario remains that sadism and humiliation are at work in every cell in this prison by one of the strongest governments in the world. Guantanamo Bay has become one of the strongest symbols of human rights abuse carried out in a planned manner by the United States government, and five years of such lawlessness and killing is too long a time to go unstopped. President Bush indeed confirmed the fact that thither are mysterious prisons of the CIA in various countries away from the United States soil. The clear indication here is that somehow US wants to take its suspects beyond the reach of their own law and treat them in an inhuman manner. Another important thing to note here is that in that respect are countries all over the world which have allowed United States to create such torture prisons on their own soil. Not only the United States but many countries in the world are losing sight of the basic human right to life, dignity and respect in the current war on terror.United States Government also has policies under which individuals are transported to other countries for the aspiration of interrogation. Among these countries are countries with records of torture. This policy is cognize as the policy of extraordinary rendition of detainees for the purpose of gathering teaching using forms of torture. Extraordinary Rendition is the illegal practice of abducting foreign nationals for detention and interrogation in secret overseas prisons. Recent ac counts of rendition have a chilling pattern- black clad wrapped men grab foreign nationals, strip them, beat them and take them to the so called black site prisons, where these people are subjected to unspeakable horrors including no sleep, water boarding, beatings, isolation and mental torture. This often leads to false confessions. After the September 11 attacks, extraordinary renditions clearly involve kidnapping of persons the United States suspects to be a part of the Al Qaeda network and transporting them to countries where torture is used to derive information on how to bring the war on terror to a successful end. On 18th December 2001, CIA operatives kidnapped two Egyptians, Ahmed Agiza and Muhammed al-Zery, who had sought asylum in Sweden. They were seized and conveyed by a US government-leased private jet to Egypt where both were subjected to, amongst other things, the use of electrodes to sensitive part of the body. It transpired that the Swedish government cooperated a fter being assured that the exiles would not be tortured.Seymour Hersh in his book image of Command the road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib has revealed that the CIA confessed to Congress that before 2001 it there were about 70 extraordinary renditions, which were as compacted the status of being absolutely urgent. However since 9/11 the Bush Government has refused to even discuss the forced return of such prisoners. The worldwide flow of prisoners in relation to the war on terror continues to grow and prisoners have been kidnapped and tortured not only from the war zones but also from contries like Sudan, Croatia, Albania, Malaysia and Pakistan. If the prisons of Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay represent what democracy means to countries like Iraq then the whole credibility of American leading is under question.crosswise the country and the world racial discrimination has been faced by many, particularly the Muslims. Across United States, after the attacks on 9/11 individuals of Middle Ea stern descent and racial minorities became targets of condemnable racial discrimination. Thousands of Islamic men were taken into custody without a right to fair trial. Deportation of thousands of people belonging to religious minorities has taken place without any access to judiciary. Persons suspected of any connection with terrorist organizations have been detained without any notification to families for unspecified amount of time. The question that arises here is that is President Bush truly higher up the law, as he is authorizing torture on these thousands of detained individuals on the basis of distrustfulness, denying them the basic human rights. A sign of the fact that Bush considers himself above the International Law is the instance on December 5th 2007, when the US Supreme Court heard administration lawyers defend the indefensible that the President can ignore the writ of Habeaus Corpus and hold people indefinitely, without charge and without question. The hearing ch allenges the judicial system of United States, and attempts to say that fear not freedom is guiding the judiciary in the US. This in itself questions the basic values of truth, justice and liberty which are the cornerstones of a just society.Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights clearly states that, Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. This read along with Article 9(1) of the ICCPR provides everyone with a basic guarantee of protection of the right against arbitrary arrest and detention, a clause that United States government has been flouting for years now. International standards clearly talk about not only the grounds of arrest not being arbitrary but also specify that the arrest should be on definite grounds and procedures established by law. There is a clear fallacy concerning liberty and security. Today we face a trade off between national security which is pitted against civil liberties and human rights. The most important question as posed by David Luban in his article on eight fallacies about liberty and security is How many of your own rights are you willing to sacrifice for added security? However this trade off seems rather disheartening as there is no definite way off knowing how much added security is a person to gain at the loss of liberties.The future of human rights as minute increments for security looks bleak as there is a growing belief that basic rights of citizens ought to be abandoned or at least hang up in order to deal with the growing threat of terrorism. This means that if two or more people endanger property in any manner they can be termed a terrorist organization by the Secretary of the State, individuals may be put behind bars for thinking of pro Islamic virtues, or teachers is school would be stripped of their headscarves as this a threat to security but not a threat to their religious way of life. In the words of Amnesty International, attacks by armed groups reached new levels of br utality and intensity in 2005 but insisted that the perpetrators should be brought to justice through fair trial, not torture or secret detention. The war on terror was failing, the report claimed, and would continue to fail unless human rights and human security are given precedence over narrow security interests. Civil liberties as we have known them are under severe attack now. One belief that threatens them is that the so called clash of civilizations has threatened the equity of a nation to such an extent that exceptional and unprecedented actions are required to deal with the line of work and this includes putting civil liberties at stake for national security. In todays world there are examples that governments world over cannot even provide the rudiments of human security in war torn areas like Sudan and Darfur to people facing hardships at the indigenous levels and to the one billion people who survive with less than one dollar a day. If security of life cannot be provide d at such basic levels, even a discussion to gain security in return of liberties being suppressed seems like a bewildered cause.The question that can be asked is Has the era of human rights come and gone?, the answer to which may be that the era hasnt gone but human rights are challenged in order to respond to the concerns over human security in the world today. Maybe the restrictions on liberty are justified but only to the extent of preserving liberty itself and not for attaining order or security, which is what the world powers seem to be doing in the ongoing war on terror, with illegal deportations, use of torture and invading all boundaries of privacy of citizens acts that are opposed to the basic beliefs of liberty and security to human beings. Is it correct to assume guilt, to frame people on beliefs of suspicion and to torture them indefinitely? In the case of Rasul v Bush, the US courts held that the detainees in Guantanamo Bay have a right to be heard. Everyone has a rig ht to fair trial, a right to live with dignity and respect, with protection of privacy and related aspects of human rights.Addressing a Counter Terrorism Committee, the late High Commissioner for Human Rights Sergio Vieira de Mello tell thatSuch measures must be taken in transparency, they must be of short duration and must respect the fundamental non- derogable rights embodied in our human rights norms. They must take place within the framework of the law. Without that, the terrorists will ultimately win and we will ultimately lose- as we would have allowed them to destroy the very foundation of our modern human civilization.In conclusion as stated by the 9/11 Commission melodic theme (2004395), it can be said thatWe must find ways of reconciling security with liberty, since the success of one helps the other. The choice between security and liberty is a false choice our history has shown us that jeopardy threatens liberty. Yet if liberties are curtailed, we lose the values that we are struggling to defend.