Do Endogenic Processes Influence Global Climate Systems Environmental Sciences Essay

Do Endogenic Processes Influence Global Climate Systems environmental Sciences EssayAll processes that take entrust insideEarth(and otherplanets) are considered endogenous. They garner thecontinentsmigrate, push themountainsup, and triggerearthquakesandvol tolerateism. Endogenous processes are driven by the warmth that is produced in the core of Earth byradioactivityandgravity.The geography and movement of tectonic platefuls is a key twist on global humor as it de borderines the form of the sea basins, Patterns of heat ransfer in the oceans, large scale atmospheric circulation and the geometry of mountain duress. The movement and geometry of the lithospheric plates is a key long term influence on global humor and hea withdraw and plae movements hindquarters be both vertical e.g the formation of the Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau or horizontal e.g sea grade spreading or the finis of the panama seaway and the development of the north atlantic disjunction stream.Inter nal energy drives endogenic processes such as plate tectonics, volcanic activity, seismicity.The geography of the tectonic plates is a key influence on a global climate, this influences the form and size of the ocean basins and land masses, patterns of heat transfer in the oceans thermohaline circulation, large scale atmospheric circulation and vertical heat exchange, the location and elevation of mountain chains and plateaus, the amount of elevated crust.The formation of the Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau that began 52 to 44ma key events that led to a step change in the climate system and long term global alter.Horizontal crustal movement the closing of the panama seaway just about 4 ma and the development of the north atlantic gulf stream taking warm body of water to higher latitudes a key factor in the formation of ice sheets in the northern hemisphere.The closing of the panama seaway around 4ma and the development of the north atlantic gulf stream taking warm water to h igher latitudes.The movement and geometry of the lithospheric plates is a key longterm influence on global climate and heat transfer, vertical crustal movements are most rapid at plate boundaries and we will be exploring their potential impact on weathering rates and carbon cycle.Location and elevation of mountain chains and high plateau landscapes across the earths surface is a key influence on climate everywhere a range of timescales.The essay is close to the conk 65 meg years, so the Big Bang theoryis not really relevant. You reading a nice range of examples to show howendogenic processes can influence global climate (long and shortterm). We c all overed some in the lectures (i.e. vertical and horizonatalcrustal movements). We did not really look at volcanic processes, but you need to mention them too (short and longterm impacts) we mentioned other controls too (not related to endogenic processes) so you can mention them briefly to round things off.When Mount Pinatubo erupt ed in the Philippines June 15, 1991, an estimated 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide and alter particles blasted more than 12 miles (20 km) high into the atmosphere. The eruption caused widespread destruction and loss of human life. Gases and solids injected into the stratosphere circled the globe for threesome weeks. volcanic eruptions of this magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation sickness reaching the Earths surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns. The extent to which this occurs is an ongoing debate.Large-scale volcanic activity may last only a few days, but the massive outpouring of gases and ash can influence climate patterns for years. Sulfuric gases convert to sulfate spray cans, sub-micron droplets containing about 75 percent sulfuric acid. Following eruptions, these aerosol particles can linger as long as three to four years in the stratosphere.Major eruptions alter the Earths r adiative balance because volcanic aerosol clouds absorb terrestrial radiation, and scatter a significant amount of the in(prenominal) solar radiation, an essence known as radiative forcing that can last from two to three years following a volcanic eruption.Volcanic eruptions cause short climate changes and contribute to natural climate variability, says Georgiy Stenchikov, a research professor with the Department of Environmental Sciences at Rutgers University. Exploring effects of volcanic eruption allows us to go understand important physical mechanisms in the climate system that are initiated by volcanic forcing.Stenchikov and Professor Alan Robock of Rutgers University with Hans Graf and Ingo Kirchner of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology performed a series of climate simulations that combined volcanic aerosol observations from the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II (SAGE II) availcapable from the Langley DAAC, with Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) data from the Goddard plaza Flight Center DAAC. The research team ran a general circulation amaze developed at the Max Planck Institute with and without Pinatubo aerosols for the two years following the Pinatubo eruption. To study the sensitivity of climate response to sea surface temperature, using data from the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory DAAC, they conducted calculations with climatologically mean sea surface temperature, as sound as with those observed during particular El Nio and La Nia periods.By comparing the climate simulations from the Pinatubo eruption, with and without aerosols, the researchers found that the climate model calculated a general cooling of the global troposphere, but yielded a clear winter melting pattern of surface air temperature over Union Hemisphere continents. The temperature of the tropical lower stratosphere increased by 4 Kelvin (4C) because of aerosol absorption of terrestrial longwave and solar near-infrared radiation. The model demonstrat ed that the direct radiative effect of volcanic aerosols causes general stratospheric heating and tropospheric cooling, with a tropospheric warming pattern in the winter.The modeled temperature change is consistent with the temperature anomalies observed after the eruption, Stenchikov says. The pattern of winter warming following the volcanic eruption is practically identical to a pattern of winter surface temperature change caused by global warming. It shows that volcanic aerosols force central climate mechanisms that play an important exercise in the global change process. This temperature pattern is consistent with the existence of a strong phase of the Arctic Oscillation, a natural pattern of circulation in which atmospheric pressure at polar and middle latitudes fluctuates, bringing higher-than-normal pressure over the polar region and lower-than-normal pressure at about 45 degrees north latitude. It is forced by the aerosol radiative effect, and circulation in winter is stro nger than the aerosol radiative cooling that dominates in summer.Man-made, or anthropogenic emissions can make the consequences of volcanic eruptions on the global climate system more severe, Stenchikov says. For instance, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere start a chain of chemical reactions on aerosol surfaces that extirpate ozone molecules in the mid-latitude stratosphere, intensifying observed stratospheric ozone depletion.While we have no observations, the 1963 Agung eruption on the island of Bali probably did not deplete ozone as there was little atmospheric chlorine in the stratosphere. In 1991 after the Pinatubo eruption, when the amount of CFCs in the stratosphere increased, the ozone content in the mid-latitudes decreased by 5 percent to 8 percent, affecting exceedingly populated regions, says Stenchikov.NASA and the National Science Foundation have funded Robock and Stenchikov to study the Pinatubo eruption in more detail, and to conduct another model comparis on with the volcanic aerosol data set. They plan to combine SAGE II data with available lidar and satellite data from various DAACs to improve their existing data set.By sense the impact of large volcanic eruptions on Earths climate system in more detail, perhaps scientists will be in a better localize to suggest measures to lessen their effects on people and natural resources.Both technological change and economic growth are seen as major determinants of futurity global energy demand levels, the associated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and global climate impacts Until recently, however, the modelling of energy-economy-climate interactions has largely regarded technological progress as an exogenous process, rather than as endogenous technological change.Energy EconomicsVolume 24, Issue 1, January 2002, Pages 1-19a momentary glance at a map of the world at present to realise that the list of the continents has a marked effect on both local and global climate. Not the least of these effects results from the difference in the thermal properties of land versus ocean a continental region will be colder in winter and warmer in summer than an oceanic region at any accustomed latitude. Moreover mountain belts formed as a consequence of plate tectonic activity dramatically modify rainfall through the effects oforography the development of a rain shadow on the leeward side of mountain belts.Global climate is also strongly controlled by ocean currents. For example, northwesterly Europe is significantly warmer than other regions at similar latitudes because of the warming effects of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift. The reversal of oceanic currents in the equatorial Pacific a phenomenon known as El Nio has a far-reaching effect on climate around the Pacific. Ocean currents compute on the geometry of the oceans and this is controlled by plate tectonics. Hence, over geological timescales the movement of plates and continents has a profound effect on the distribution of land masses, mountain ranges and the connectivity of the oceans. As a consequence, plate tectonics has a very direct and fundamental influence on global climate.http//openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=172207The climate of modern Antarctica is extreme. Located over the South Pole and in total darkness for six months of the year, the continent is covered by glacial ice to depths in excess of 3 km in places. Yet this has not always been the case. 50 Ma ago, even though Antarctica was in more or less the very(prenominal) position over the pole, the climate was much more temperate there were no glaciers and the continent was covered with lush vegetation and forests. So how did this extreme change come about?The modern climate of Antarctica depends upon its complete isolation from the rest of the planet as a consequence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely encircles Antarctica and gives rise to the blustering(prenominal) region of the Southe rn Ocean known as the roaring forties. The onset of this current is related to the possible action of seaways between obstructing continents. Antarctica and South America were once linked together as part of Gondwana and were the last parts of this original supercontinent to separate. By reconstructing continental positions from magnetic and other features of the sea floor in this region, geologists have shown that the Drake rush opened in three phases between 50 Ma and 20 Ma, as illustrated in Figure 32. At 50 Ma there was perchance a shallow seaway between Antarctica and South America, but both continents were moving together. At 34 Ma the seaway was still narrow, but differential coefficient movement between the Antarctic and South American Plates created a deeper line between the two continents that began to allow deep ocean water to circulate around the continent. Finally, at 20 Ma there was a major shift in local plate boundaries that allowed the rapid development of a d eep-water channel between the two continental masses.The coincidence of the change in motion of the Pacific Plate with changes in plate motions between S. America and Antarctica shows how the motions of all the plates are interconnected a change in the true motion of one plate leads to changes in the true motions of many others.While these plate motions were taking place the effect on Antarctica was profound. By 34 Ma the climate cooled from the temperate conditions that previously existed. This was sufficient for glaciers to begin their advance, and was followed by a period of continued cooling until at about 20 Ma, glaciation was complete. Even though the Drake Passage first opened at 50 Ma it was not until it opened to deep water at 34 Ma that glaciation really took holdToday, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the strongest deep ocean current and its strength is responsible for the icehouse climate that grips the planet. The opening of the Drake Passage had both a local and a global effect, initially cooling the climate of Antarctica from temperate to cold and ultimately playing an important role in the change from global greenhouse conditions 50 Ma ago to the global icehouse of today.This example shows how plate tectonics, continental drift and the opening and closing of seaways can have a profound influence on both local and global climate. Throughout the Phanerozoic there were long periods when the Earth was much warmer than today often called a greenhouse climate and other times when it was cold called an icehouse climate. These cycles, like the Wilson cycle, occur over periods of 100 Ma, reflecting the timescale of plate movements and the growth and destruction of oceans. disposed(p) the clear link between ocean circulation and climate, and the similar timescales of global climate change and plate motions, it is inescapable that one of the chief controls on long-term changes in the global climate must be plate tectonics.Every two to seven years a climatic disturbance brings floods to California, droughts to Australia, and famine to Africa . Known as El Nino, it is essentially a warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific near the equator. Although scientists understand the mechanics of El Nino, its origins have insofar to be determined. Most believe that the interaction between the atmosphere and the sea somehow generates this climatic disturbance that wreaks havoc upon those regions of the world that lie in its path. exactly now a new theory on the origins of El Nino has been proposed and, surprisingly, it has very little to do with the atmosphere or the sea. The new theory suggests that the primary removal company behind El Nino is hot magma welling up between tectonic plates on the Pacific sea-floor. The upwelling magma heats the overlying waters enough to affect the ocean surface, initiating the cascade of events that brings on the wrath of El Nino.Volcanic AshEruptions, like that pictured above, throw tons of ash into the atmosphere, and have short term affects of the climate. If the eruption is potent enough, the ash will stop some of the shortwave radiation coming in from the Sun. This, in turn, will lead to a decrease in the global temperature. The reason for this is that the shortwave radiation that comes in from the Sun and reaches the Earths surface, gets absorbed in the the Earth. About 4 to 6 hours later, the Earth reradiates that energy in the form of longwave radiation. This is where the temperature comes from. So if some of the sunlight is except off, then this will lead to a decrease the global temperature. With the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in June 1991 (image above), about 22 million tons of ash was thrown into the atmosphere. This was enough to block a fraction of the sunlight from reaching the Earths surface, which cooled the global temperature on Earth by as much as 0.5 degrees C. The most effective eruption in recorded history, the eruption of the Tambora Volcano in Indonesia in April of 1815, threw up so much ash that the global temperature on Earth cut down by as much as 3 degrees C. Europe and North America know this time as the year without a summer. The volcanic ash does not keep the temperatures down for a very long period of time geologically speaking, so its impacts are on a short term basis.Rain-Shadow EffectThe long term impacts of volcanoes come from a look at simple geography. Volcanoes are gigantic mountains, so their affect on climate is the same as a normal mountain. This leads to the rain-shadow effect (explained in theContinental Movementsection), which comes into play with volcanoes just as it does with mountain building. Until that volcano can be scoured away, it will continue to have some sort of impact on climate. This can last for thousands of years.Volcanoes have quite a bit of affect on climate. And this affect can be rather short term (volcanic ash) or long term (rain-shadow effect) in nature. Again biology can be t ouch by this too. For example, a desert area may quickly develop on the leeward side of a new volcano. If life is not able to adjust, extinction will become a significant threat.http//www.djburnette.com/projects/volcanoes.html

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (ADP) Crystals Structure

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate (automatic data processing) Crystals StructureAmmonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) quartz glasss ar wide used as the second, third and fourth harmonic generator for NdYAG and NdYLF lasers. It belongs to the tetragonal system with the space group I-42d 1. These crystals argon widely used for electro-optical applications such as Q-switching for Tisapphire and alexandrite lasers as well as for acousto optical applications24. Tris(thiourea)zinc(II) sulphate (ZTS) is a semi-organic nonlinear optical (NLO) natural which finds applications in the area of laser technology, optical communication, data storage technology and optical computing because it has high resistance to laser induced damage, high nonlinearity, wide transparency, first base angular sensitivity and good mechanical hardness compared to many organic NLO crystals5-8. It belongs to the orthorhombic system with noncentrosymmetric space group Pca21 and point group mm2.Growth, spectral, optical a nd thermal studies of obsolescent earth neodymium(III) drug ZTS9, cerium(III) drugged ZTS10,11 have been reported. We have as well investigated the influence of Ce(III)- doping12 effects of ADP crystals. In the present investigation, the effect of La(III)-doping on ADP and ZTS crystals has been examine using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDS, UVvis, thermal and Kurtz powder SHG measurements.ADP (E. Merck) was purified by repeated recrystallization. ZTS was synthesized as reported earlier13. To avoid decomposition, low temperature (ZnSO47H2O + 3(CS(NH2)2) Zn(CS(NH2)2)3SO4After successive recrystallization processes, crystals were grown by slow evaporation solution return technique (pH = 6.2).Doping of lanthanum (5 mol %) in the form of lanthanum(III)- chloride (Aldrich) was used as such in the aqueous growth medium. The crystallization took place within 1015 days and the high quality perspicuous crystals were harvested from the aqueous growth medium. Best quality and highly transparent se ed crystals are used in the preparation of bulk crystals. Photographs of the as-grown crystals are shown in Fig. 2.2.1.The FT-IR spectra of pure and doped crystals reveal small shifts in some of the peculiarity vibrational frequencies (Table.2.3.1.1.) and it could be cod to lattice strain as a result of La(III)- doping.The vibrational patterns of lanthanum doped ADP exhibit slight variations as compared with pure ADP. PO4 stretching and bending vibrations are observed at 1100, 910 cm-1 and 453, 546 cm-1 respectively. Symmetric stretching vibrations of NH4+ ion are observed in the range of 1407 cm-1. Vibrational peak at 1280 cm-1 corresponds to OH bending. Broad peaks observed at 3234 cm-1, 3120 cm-1 correspond to NHO stretching vibrations.A close observation of FT-IR spectra of pure ZTS and doped specimens alike reveals that the doping results in slight shifts in some of the characteristic vibrational frequencies. It could be due to lattice strain developed as a result of doping . An absorption dress circle in the region 27503400 cm-1 corresponds to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching frequencies of NH2 group of zinc(II) coordinated thiourea. The absorption band observed at 1620 cm-1 in the spectra of pure and doped specimens corresponds to that of thiourea (1625 cm-1)14 of closely the same frequency and it can be assigned to NH2 bending vibration. The CN stretching frequencies of thiourea (1122 and 1502 cm-1) shifted to high frequencies for pure and La(III)- doped ZTS crystals (1128 and 1500 cm-1). The C-S is stretching frequencies (1398 and 712 cm-1)15 are shifted to lower frequencies (1394 and 706 cm-1) for pure and doped samples. These observations suggest that metallic element coordinate with thiourea throughThe powder XRD patterns of La(III)-doped samples are compared with that of undoped one (Fig. 2.3.2.1). No new peaks or phases were observed by doping with inner transition metal lanthanum. However, a drastic reduction in intensity is observe d as a result of doping. The most prominent peaks with maximum intensity of the XRD patterns of pure and doped specimens are quite different. The observations could be attributed to strains in the lattice. The cell parameters are determined from the single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis and the values of pure and doped crystals are given in the Table 2.3.2.1. The ionic radius of the dopant La(III) (117 pm) is very small compared with that of NH4+ (151 pm)16. Hence, it is reasonable to believe that the dopant can enter into the ADP crystalline ground substance occupying predominantly substitutional positions without causing oft clocks distortion. However, the valance of the dopant is different from the host and hence one cannot expect only the simple substitutional occupancy leading to inhomogeneous strains in the crystal17. It is also appropriate to mention here that in the case of dopants having a dissimilar valance and size from the substituting element of the host lattice, due to expected strain, withal small thermal/ mechanical fluctuations during the growth process lead to easy formation of structural breaks18,19. It clearly shows that the crystal undergoes non-uniform strain in the lattice. The cell the great unwashed of the La(III)- doped ZTS crystals increased (Table. 2). It could be due to the small ionic radius of Zn2+ (88 pm) in comparison with that of La(III) (117 pm)17. This type of port (the unit cell volume of the doped materials not varying regularly with the ionic radius of the dopant) has been explained by the electron-doping effect counteracting the steric effect20.The concentration of absorbing species can be determined using the Kubelka-Munk equation21,The direct and indirect band gap energies obtained from the intercept of the resulting straight line with the energy axis at F(R)h2 = 0 and F(R)h1/2 = 0 are deduced as 5.35 eV and 5.50 eV respectively for ADPLa and 5.37 eV 5.70 eV for ZTSLa (Fig. 2.3.3.1).The effect of the influ ence of dopant on the aerofoil morphology of ADP crystal faces reveals structure defect centers as seen in SEM images (Fig.2.3.4.1). A plate like morphology with a layered structure is exhibited. The incorporation of lanthanum in the ADP crystal ground substance results in cluster of scatter centers and voids than those of the undoped specimen. The flower like morphology is observed in ZTS doped specimens. Pure ZTS contains small defect centers in the plate surface and incorporation of La(III) increases the surface roughness (Fig.2.3.4.1(b)).The incorporation of La(III) into the crystalline hyaloplasm was confirmed by EDS performed on ADP and ZTS (Fig.2.3.5.1). It appears that the accommodating capability of the host crystal is limited and only a small quantity is incorporated into the ADP and ZTS crystalline matrix. EDS reveals that the accommodating capability of ZTS is much better than ADP as shown in Fig.2.3.5.1(b).The amount of doping in ADPLa and ZTSLa specimens are estimat ed using AAS and the foreign metal ion entering into the ADP/ZTS crystal matrix is much smaller but significant. Further, the final dopant concentration within the host lattice is not proportional to the prevailing concentration of dopant in the solution at the time of the crystallization process, since the host crystal can accommodate the dopant only to a limited extent. The AAS data reveal that the La(III) ion concentration in ADP and ZTS crystalline matrix are 7.5 ppm and 11.3 ppm respectively. High incorporation of the dopant takes place in the case of lanthanide doping in ZTS compared to ADP.TG/DTA thermogram reveals the purity of the material. The thermogram curve shows a gradual mass red and sleep mass obtained at 1000 C is only 10% Fig.2.3.6.1 (a) An endothermic peak is obtained in the DTA analysis for ADPLa at a higher temperature (200C) than the pure ADP crystals (191 C). The melt point of the material was confirmed by using Sigma instruments melting point apparatus (20 0C). The investigation shows that there is no physically absorbed water in molecular structure of crystals grown from the solution.The simultaneous TG-DTA curves in nitrogen for ZTS and ZTSLa systems at a heating rate of 20 C/min are given in the Fig.2.3.6.1(b). The absence of water of crystallization in the molecular structure is indicated by the absence of weight loss around 100 C. The melting point of pure ZTS is 231 C. A good thermal stability of ZTSLa is observed up to 235 C and the thermal behavior is not very much altered in the presence of the dopant. The sharp endothermic peak at 235 C is may be due to melting point. TG curves show a gradual mass loss and residual mass obtained at 1000 C is 20 %. The sharpness of the peak shows the good story of crystallinity of the material. No decomposition up to the melting point ensures the stability of the material for application in lasers, where the crystals are required to withstand high temperatures.In effect to confirm the influ ence of doping on the nonlinear optical properties (NLO) of the as-grown crystals, these were subjected to SHG test. The SHG efficiency of the materials was performed by Kurtz powder SHG method22. Input radiation used is 2.5 mV/pulse. The output SHG intensities of La(III) doped ADP and ZTS specimens give relative NLO efficiencies of the measured specimens. The doubling of frequency was confirmed by the green color of the output radiation whose characteristic wavelength is 532 nm and it indicates that the doped material exhibits second order NLO effect. The efficient SHG demands specific molecular alignment of the crystal to be achieved facilitating nonlinearity in the presences of a dopant. Incorporation of La(III) into ADP and ZTS crystalline matrix also enhances the SHG efficiency (Table.2.3.7.1) and hence La(III) is a useful dopant. The efficient SHG demands specific molecular alignment of the crystal facilitating nonlinearity in the presence of dopant or it may be due to the imp rovement in the crystalline perfection of ADP/ZTS crystals by low level La(III)- doping. The effect of various dopants on the SHG efficiencies of ADP/ZTS has been listed in Table.2.3.7.2. The comparative SHG range traces of the powder samples ADPLa (blue) and ZTSLa (red) are displayed in Fig. 2.3.7.1.The influence of La(III) doping on the ADP and ZTS crystal has been systematically studied. The reduction in the intensities observed in the powder XRD patterns and slight shifts in vibrational frequencies in FT-IR indicate minor structural variations in the doped materials. Morphological changes in the doped specimen are observed in the SEM micrographs. The studies indicate that the crystal undergoes lattice stress as a result of doping. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrum reveals the incorporation of La(III)- into the crystalline matrix of ADP/ZTS crystals. AAS studies also confirm the above observations. It is clear that the incorporation of La(III)- is comparatively high in the case o f ZTS. The thermal analysis reveals the purity of the material. Enhancement in SHG efficiency is observed in ADP/ZTS as a result of La(III)- doping became of facile charge transfer.

Communication Skills for Teamwork: Reflective Summary

Communication Skills for Teamwork Reflective SummarySocial, Legal and estimable IssuesReflective reportThis report is going to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the module Legal methods and Ethical issues. The aim of this report is to evaluate and describe the look for that has been used for the group presentation and the performance of the group during the presentation. Also, another one point that will be presented in this report is the group work and the cooperation among the members of the group. Finally, by dint ofout this report it will be demonstrated the aims of the module, the experience the students had from the module, how they were influenced and affected by means of this procedure and the knowledge larn and how is going to assist the students in the future.The modules aims include the awareness development of students, merely also enhancing students knowledge and ability to critically analyze a numerous of companionable behaviors, ethical dilemmas and legal issues. Furthermore, by the end of the module, students will be able to make rational discussion and critical thinking about ethical issues. each of the above aims will help students to be ready to encounter any difficulties or specific circumstances of their working life in the context of tender networks and digital communication. This module is very helpful and necessary for students, in order to gain knowledge on how all the above issues covered are cerebrate to their future, personal life and job.Additionally, students had to explore the knowledge gained through the module and apply it in practice, which means that students had to make their own interrogation in a legitimate topic, analyze it and then present it. In our group was assigned the topic Protecting you and your organisation from cattish digital attacks which was a very interesting topic, including the polity part. Furthermore, it was a very recent theme of the 21th century, since technology and internet are in tegral and crucial parts of our lives. Specifically, malicious digital attacks is a term of computing, which is any physical or electronic action taken with the intent of acquiring, destroying, modifying, or accessing a exploiters data without permission. As has been stated before, the definition of malicious digital attacks is a very public topic and includes a lot of issues, thus we split it into part and each group member made their inquiry on a specific part. My part was to surface the companies which had been hacked, the security PR disasters and digital attacks that damaged the trustworthiness and reputation of the companies. The following paragraphs will analyze the investigate about malicious digital attacks and will describe the process of the research and my own path before the presentation.My initial search for articles gave me a lot of general and irrelevant information and it seemed very difficult and slightly confusing. Although, when I cleansely understood the t opic, I found helpful and relevant information, which made it extremely interesting. Additionally, my research was based on articles, so I used the Google Scholar to find information, since BBC news provided me with a variety of knowledge and examples of companies being hacked. In the appendix, you will find some of the sites that I used and two articles of BBC news with some of my comments on them.These daytimes, the social media, internet and numerous of online organizations come first on peoples preferences for several reasons. The social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, are being used throughout the day by people, as a way of communication, promotion of products, companies and organizations, as a mode of entertainment and the most important are free. Furthermore, another company which has large number of users is Sony, which has online games (FIFA, PRO) and people fuck be entertained through that site very easy. There are lots of organizations and companies that people are using, but in my research I focused on the most frequently used, such as Facebook, Twitter, Dropbox and Sony. All of these companies have something in common, because they are the most popular, they were more easily hacked and more users were affected.People who use the social media every day have not only advantages, but also several disadvantages. Although Facebook, Twitter, Dropbox and Sony are free services, in order to have access to this applications is necessary for a user to provide all personal details, such as name and surname, email address, gender, birth date, phone number, username and password. Additionally in some cases, is necessary to provide confidence card and bank account numbers in order to have access to online games like FiFA. doneout my research I found that peoples personal details are not safe, because it is very easy for someone to hack a company and steal personal information of the users. Moreover, through my research I found that all of these online services have been hacked more than one time in the last two years, but also hackers have stolen numerous peoples personal details and passwords. In some cases, users lost a significant amount of money from their bank accounts due to online hacking. Therefore, people should be very careful, when they create accounts and also is recommended to change their passwords approximately every ninety days.As for our group work, according to Levin (2005), face-to-face meetings are necessary for direct and expeditious communication among group members, instead of communicating through emails or Facebook, were people are unable to understand a persons feelings and mood. For example, in our squad students communicated through emails and meetings, as a result were had excellent communication without misunderstandings and conflicts. Furthermore, according to Hargie (2004) team up is a number of interdependent people bound together by a collective aim. An essential feature of a team is that the members co-operate to achieve jointly agreed goals.Furthermore, there are several advantages from teamwork. As Levin (2005) mentioned, teamwork is an opportunity for students to consider more efficiently about the concept of a course, in relation to regular learning methods (i.e. lectures, textbooks). Also, they can develop a different way of thinking, drive common goals and try to achieve them through teamwork, which is one of the most important facilitators in achieving positive, cost-effective outcomes in various organizational settings (Procter Currie, 2004).In addition, teamwork can be an enjoyable and serviceable experience, because from my perspective, teamwork helped me improve my communication and cooperation skills, since I had to work and achieve a common goal with different kind of people. A group can succeed in doing great things which one person cannot do it alone (Levin, 2005). In our case, if we werent a team, each one of us alone couldnt effectively carry out al l the duties and responsibilities of the project. According to Levin (2005), respect between the team members is the basic rule for a successful and efficient outcome, so we tested to respect each other by giving the opportunity and possibility to each member of the group member, to share their ideas and express their opinion about the project. This helped our team to better organize and successfully execute our mission, because we implemented the most original and innovating ideas and methods.Furthermore, the aim of the group work was to create a good and synergistic presentation. Through group work, we found a lot of different and interesting resources to cover our topic and we were perfectly prepared for the execution of the presentation. The day of presentation was slightly disagreeable for our team members, because we had worked very trying and we wanted to succeed. Moreover, in my opinion, the presentation was good and interesting for the audience, who successfully particip ated in the quiz that our team created. The game included legion(predicate) questions which were presented during the presentation. The audience was broken in two teams and the team who answered more quickly and correctly the questions, won a price. In my point of view, the presentation was very interactive and entertaining for the audience.The feedback from the audience was really good, specifically for the quiz, because people laughed a lot and there was a very friendly atmosphere. The feedback forms were quite satisfactory, because most of the forms, as seen in the appendix, focus on the interactive quiz, which the audience liked the most. Generally, through peoples comments appears that the presentation was interactive and enjoyable, but also provided the audience with many useful information about the subject. On the other hand, there were some negative comments about the presentation. For example, the fact that the presenters read through their notes made the presentation les s interactive and communicative with the audience.In my overview, this project was a very good and helpful experience for me, due to the excellent teamwork and team spirit. Throughout the preparation, our team had weekly meetings through which all of our groups members took joint decisions about the tasks and duties of our project. Also, my group was very helpful for me, since they gave me good guidelines and there was an excellent communication and cooperation between us. The day of the presentation, was stressful, but I tried to be more relaxed and managed to properly present my part, because I worked hard and I did not want to disappoint both my team and me. In conclusion, I am very satisfied with myself and my performance before and during the presentation, since I worked hard with our group and I have tried to be as better as I could. Unfortunately, due to my stress and anxiety during the presentation I spoke very quickly and it might create some misunderstandings as to what I was saying.In conclusion, the semester one was very useful and interesting for the students. The knowledge and the experience gained will helped them in their future career for several reasons. Firstly, students succeed in creating a different way of thinking, in understanding the legal methods and ethical issues and to gather information and details for dissimilar topics. Furthermore, all the presentations were very good and students worked very hard to accomplish that, although there were some more interactive and interesting presentations, compared to others. This module helped students to understand how to analyze a big topic and how to execute a correct research. In this case, the group work was essentially for this project, because the subject was very large and each member of the group worked for a particular part and the results were certainly some(prenominal) better, compared to an individual work.References listHargie, O. (2004). Communication Skills for Effective Manage ment. New York Palgrave Macmillan.Levin, P. (2005). Successful teamwork for undergraduates and taught postgraduates working on group projects. England Open University Press.Procter, S., Currie, G. (2004). Target-based team working Groups, work and interdependence in the UK civil service.Human Relations,57(12), 1547-1572.My research (links)Articles of my researchhttp//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13636704http//www.criticalgamer.co.uk/2011/06/24/have-sony-turned-a-pr-disaster-into-a-pr-triumph-part-two/http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-13537128http//www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2386378,00.asphttp//www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-13206687http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-21160818http//www.wired.com/gamelife/2011/05/sony-online-entertainment-hack/http//www.heavy.com/tech/2013/03/a-timeline-ofcompanies-that-have-been-hacked-in-2013/http//www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/02/twitter-hacked/http//xbox.about.com/od/news/a/Xbox-Live-Fifa-12-Hack-Explained.htm

Life and Death in California :: essays research papers

Life & Death in the State of CaliforniaIn the linked States, the first known execution was of Daniel Frank and it took place in the Colony of Virginia. Frank was penalize in 1622 for the crime of theft (University of Alaska). Since the time of Daniel Frank, the death penalty has almost always been a part of our criminal justice system, starting in the colonies and continuing in the United States after we won our independence. As furthest as the United States goes, I am going to start off in 1930 because this was when the Bureau of Justice Statistics, United States Department of Justice, first started to compile information on a fairly regular basis. From 1930 through 1967, 3859 people were executed under civil circumstances in the United States. Others were executed but they were established under the jurisdiction of the United States military. During this period of nearly forty years over half of those executed (54%) were black, forty five percent were white, and the remainin g single percent were from other racial groups American Indians (a total of 19 executed from 1930-1967), Filipino (13), Chinese (8), Japanese (2). By far the majority of those being executed were men only 32 women were executed between 1930 and 1967. During this same period of time the United States Army (and the Air Force) executed 160 people, including 106 executions for murder (21 bear on rape), 53 for rape, and one for desertion. The U.S. Navy has not executed anyone since 1849 (University of Alaska). Strong pressure from parties opposed to the use of the death penalty resulted in an unofficial moratorium on executions for several(prenominal) years, with the last one taking place in 1967. Legal challenges to the death penalty led up to a 5-4 United States Supreme Court finding in Furman v. Georgia. Furman v. Georgia struck down the federal and state capital penalisation laws that permitted wide discretion of the application of the death penalty. The majority of the justices ruled these laws as cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the eighth amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the due process guarantees of the fourteenth amendment. Only Justices Brennan and Marshall declared capital punishment to be unconstitutional in all instances (Furman v. Georgia). Furman v. Georgia led to many new death sentencing laws. The first execution under the new laws took place in Utah when Gary Gilmore was executed by firing squad for murder.

Ion Channels Affected by LSD :: Hallucinogens Drugs Essays

Ion Channels Affected by LSDResearch with LSD has been very limited by ii major factors lack of human subjects and laws against it as a controlled substance. These deterrents have caused a big hole in what can be discovered about this hallucinogenic drug at the ion channels it affects and in turn those effects on inhibitory and excitatory potentials of the cell.It was difficult to obtain clear explanations about on the dot what was going on at the neuron level. Later it was discovered that most experiments were carried out on rodents. This may not sound like it is such a bad amour because human subjects were not being put in positions where their health could be affected by the drug, but in fact there is a nice difference in rodent and human brains. LSD affects a serotonergic receptor type 2A (5-HT2A), which is different in rats to humans in its structure and activity, and behavior may not strictly parallel those in humans (Nichols, 2004). This could cause researches to get dif ferent results in what they would see in experimental rats and to what may actually be happening in humans. Another deterrent that has somewhat slowed down the process of understanding LSD at the neuron level is the law. LSD is scheduled as a controlled substance Schedule I, to be exact, which means that it is illegal to posses, sell, or buy without a DEA license. You can imagine what would happen if a researcher was caught with a substantial amount of LSD, and possibly the difficulty in obtaining a license that will allow someone to posses a powerful illegal substance. These things are exactly what will repel researchers from using such a substance. The only almost certain aspect of LSD is that it has a similar chemical composition as serotonin (5-HT) and will especially act on 5-HT2 receptors. However, LSD is the only known hallucinogen to bind to dopamine receptors. It will activate postsynaptic dopamine receptors if the dose is high enough to do so. LSD also binds to alpha-adre nergic and beta-adrenergic receptors that are involved sympathetic nervous system control of smooth muscles. It is also a belligerent antagonist at histamine receptors and will produce inhibitory messages. LSD also acts mysteriously on the visual cortex. At low doses, LSD will scram the visual cortex and higher doses will inhibit this area. LSD research has flipped it from being an antagonist to an

Its Time to Boycott College Classes Essay -- argumentative essay

College is hard, though not because we lack creature comforts or exertion to keep our bellies full. No, college is hard because its so often an artificial environment. After four short years of learning, when veritableity intrudes on our life, well be left shaking cobwebs go forth of heads bleary from months of mind-numbing lectures and multiple choice exams. Personally, the end of college scargons me. As a sophomore, I have a couple of years before having to face that beastly post-college cliche, real life That popular opinion alone is enough to make me roll up into a ball and cry. Of course there is something that scares me more than college -- a dark, vague thought that intrudes on my consciousness, infecting my outlook on school. Im scared that the time I spent here will be wasted. As a pre-med, struggling to make the build and ride the curve, time is a commodity in short supply. Like many students, the crunch of jamming my schedule full of classes quells my passion for l earning. Sometimes I find myself in my room, books cracked open, and I oddment, what the hell am I doing? Am I happy? Where is this learning leading me? A friend of mine, in a similar academic situation, commented that he felt corresponding he was losing his personality in his studying. No kidding -- sometimes I feel like if Catholics are right, and demons can possess your mind, it must all be directed by a God who dislikes organic chemistry students, and wants to leave them whimpering for mercy. Strange metaphors aside, I wonder why someone like me, who enjoys a challenge and loves learning, is no longer cherishing this opportunity to polish his mental faculties and sharpen his mind to a keen edge. Id like to think my doubts about the v... ...endation is to boycott classes that fail to generate consistent interaction between professors and students. As for the required classes within a major that jam hundreds of pupils into a room, if enough students petitioned deans to hire mo re teachers, the voice of the masses would not be ignored. Listen boys and girls, I know balancing budgetary restraints with educational goals taxes the brains of some of the brightest, nevertheless Im tired of playing a game to cram my head full of facts without really understanding where they came from. Shoving it into short-term memory and then sloughing it just isnt snub it for me. Rather, I would love to see a tuition and fee increase that explicitly aimed to reduce the size of large lectures instead of bolstering another bloated sport program. I would love to see my student government fight for such an increase.

Theodore Geisel :: essays research papers fc

Theodore Geisel was born in Springfield, Massachusetts on March 2, 1904. He graduated from Dartmouth in 1925, with a BA in English literature. He went to Europe after to study at Oxford. He then went to Sorbonne and then to the University of Vienna.He planned on get a doctorate in literature, but the experience was less than ideal so he returned to the United States. (LeBeau 20)In 1927 Geisel married Helen Palmer who was a classmate of his from Oxford. She was alike a childrens author, until her death in 1967. (Diehl 169)Theodore started working for a magazine, Judge, in 1927. He worked there doing cartoons and humorous ads for them. He was also submitting his work to other magazines such as Life, Vanity Fair, and Liberty. In his ads he made a reference to an insecticide called Flit, which were noticed and led to a tight geld to draw ads for Flit.The contract said he couldnt do anything else. In his ad he used the saying Quick Henry, The Flit. He did that for 17 years, which gai ned him national exposure. He only did that in the summer though, since insecticide is a seasonal thing. He went to an attorney and found that the only thing his contract didnt forbid him to do was childrens books.(Diehl171)Geisels first childrens book came roughly in 1936 when he was on vacation in Europe. He was listening to the rhythm of the stations engines, he came up with And to think I saw it on Mulberry Street. It was rejected by 43 publishers that he showed it to. Eventually a takeoff rocket published it for him and it went on to at least moderate success.(Morgan 43)During World War II he joined the army and was sent to Hollywood. Captain Geisel would write for straight-from-the-shoulder Capras Signal Corps Unit, which he won the Legion of Merit for. He also did documentaries such as Hitler Lives and Design for Death, which won him an Oscar. He worked on the 5,000 Fingers of Mr. T., which was something that he didnt enjoy. Geisel also created General Mc-Boing Boing whil e he was in Hollywood, he sold it to UPA. John Hulbey designed and won an Academy allot for it. Theodore won an Oscar for it, though he had little to no part in General Mc-Boing Boing. (Diehl172)In May 1954, Life magazine published an article about illiteracy among school